LQ-100X-PL Photoluminescence and Luminescence Quantum Yield Test System

NT$100

The Most Compact Photoluminescence and Luminescence Quantum Yield Test System

1.Measure the background signals.
2.Measure the Sample.

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    Description

    What is PL?

    PL (Photoluminescence): When a material absorbs a photon, the electron transitions to an excited state and then returns to a lower energy state, emitting the energy in the form of light.

    What is PLQY?

    PLQY (Photoluminescence Quantum Yield): This is calculated as the number of photons emitted divided by the number of photons absorbed. PLQY is an important index for evaluating luminescent materials. In addition to being a basic parameter that can be used for the primary classification of materials, it is also an important analytical method for luminescent systems and their carrier dynamics.

    How LQ-100X-PL measure PLQY?

    1. Measure the background signals.
    2. Measure the Sample.
    3. Calculate the PLQY of the sample:

    PLQY-calculation-formula-plzrn5bw9y39k51rwiomzyvfhvwgsne3konq3a86bc PLQY-Calculation-Photoluminescence-Quantum-Yield-LQ-100X-PL

    PL and PLQY are important tools for material characterization. Currently, the challenges encountered in material testing include:

    怀(1) Inability to test within the glove box.
    怀(2) In situ time spectral analysis is not feasible.
    怀(3) Difficulty in expanding the measurement range to the infrared band.

    The LQ-100X-PL has provided solutions to these three major pain points.

    New Feature! 10-Sun Intensity PLQY System

    LQ-100X-PL-Viewer-en-3

    The LQ-100X-PL features a high-intensity laser system capable of achieving over 10 suns equivalent illumination with a 3mm spot. This capability makes it exceptionally well-suited for Photoluminescence Quantum Yield (PLQY) and Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting (QFLS) measurements. In QFLS studies, using 10-sun excitation to measure PLQY is crucial. The high excitation intensity effectively increases carrier density, bringing the material’s excited state closer to real-world operating conditions. This leads to more accurate PLQY data, enabling a more precise evaluation of the solar cell’s efficiency potential. Furthermore, high-intensity excitation suppresses non-radiative recombination processes, enhancing the influence of radiative recombination pathways and reducing discrepancies in PLQY measurements. The stronger PL signal under strong excitation also contributes to lower measurement errors and improved data accuracy. In QFLS research, 10-sun excitation is necessary for measuring PLQY primarily because the high excitation intensity elevates carrier concentration, simulating conditions similar to actual operation. The reasons for this include:

    1. Suppression of Non-Radiative Recombination:Ā At low excitation intensities, non-radiative recombination pathways may dominate carrier recombination, leading to lower PLQY values. As excitation intensity increases, the influence of radiative recombination pathways strengthens, and the proportion of non-radiative recombination decreases, providing a more accurate reflection of the material’s performance under high illumination.
    2. Excited State Stability:Ā 10-sun excitation intensity allows carrier concentration to reach a level where the excited state and carrier dynamics within the material closely resemble those under actual operating conditions. This provides more accurate PLQY data, which is crucial for estimating the potential efficiency of solar cells.
    3. Experimental Technical Requirements:Ā Under high excitation, the stronger PL signal reduces measurement errors caused by factors like background noise, thereby improving data accuracy.

    Ā 

    In summary, using 10-sun excitation for PLQY measurements ensures that the measurement conditions simulate real-world operating environments, leading to more accurate material characterization data.

    Features

    LQ-100X-PL has the following advantages to meet the challenges of material characterization:

    • LQ-100X-PL is NIST traceable and with a compact design. The size is 502.4mm(L) x 322.5mm(W) x 352mm(H), equipped a 4-inch outer diameter PTFE integrating sphere. LQ-100X-PL makes the glovebox integration possible.
    • Using advanced instrument control programs, in situ time PL spectral analysis can be performed, producing 2D and 3D graphs simultaneously. This will greatly help users complete material characterization more quickly.
    • The outstanding optical design expand the spectrum wavelength. It covers the wavelength range from can be extened to 1700nm. LQ-100X-PL is compatible with powder, solution and thin film samples.

    Proof

    PL Spectrum

    PLQY-Spectrum-Photoluminescence-Quantum-Yield-LQ-100X-PL
    LQ-100X-PL system can perform PL and PLQY tests on a variety of materials. The procedure is as follows:

      1. Measure the background signal, as shown in the blue curve, and calculate the total number of incident excitation photons.
      2. Measure the sample spectrum, as shown in the green curve, and calculate the total number of emitted photons.
      3. Calculate the rate of photons absorbed by the sample and the total number of absorbed photons from step1 &2.
      4. PLQY can be calculated by dividing the number of step 1 & 3.

    Emission spectrum

    PLQY-Spectrum-Photoluminescence-Quantum-Yield-LQ-100X-PL
    LQ-100X-PL software can perform a variety of analyses for PL emission spectra and help users to quantitatively
    characterize the properties of materials:

    1. Luminous CIE color coordinates
    2. CIE-xyz
    3. CIE-XYZ
    4. CIE-uv
    5. Color temperature
    6. Color Purity

    In situ time-resolved PL spectrum
    PLQY-PL-Spectrum-Photoluminescence-Quantum-Yield-LQ-100X-PL

    In addition to the PLQY measurement, the LQ-100X-PL can also continuously measure the PL spectrum over time and
    plot it into a 2D or 3D diagram – called an in-situ time-resolved PL spectrum.

    As shown in the figure, the PL
    spectrum of the perovskite changes over time, and the wavelength half-width (FWHM) increases accordingly. The
    phenomenon of red shift of the central wavelength (Peak Lambda) also occurs. Analysis of in-situ time-resolved
    PL spectra provides direct evidence for the stability or metastable properties of novel materials such as
    perovskites. It is the best tool for material characterization.

    Specification

    The standard configuration:

    • Omnidirectional light receiving system (100 mm integrating sphere)
    • Photoluminescence measuring module (365 nm LED excitation light source)
    • Software
    • IPC & monitor

    Options:

    • EL spectrum testing module (SMU/PMT module/back-contact sample box/Multi-channel manual switcher/EL software upgration)
    • Infrared Spectrum Expansion Module (900 – 1700 nm)
    • Glovebox integration kit
    • Excitation light source
    • LED light source (Wavelength:265nm/ 280nm/ 300nm/ 325nm/ 340nm/ 365nm/ 405nm/ 455nm/ 470nm/ 505nm/ 590nm/ 660nm/ 810nm/ 850nm/ 940nm)
    • Laser light source (Wavelength: 380nm/Ā 405nm/Ā 520nm/Ā 635nm/Ā 785nm/Ā 808nm/Ā 832nm/Ā 880nm/Ā 940nm)

    PLQY-Calculation-measurement-software-LQ-100X-PL

    System Design

    Application

    • Phosphor
    • LED fluorescent material
    • OLED fluorescent material
    • Perovskite
    • Laser dies
    • Perovskite quantum dot powder and single crystal
    • PbS quantum dot
    • Visible and infrared absorbing dyes

    Customer Testimonials

    Publication

    Highly efficient luminescent solar concentrators based on selective laser-induced crystallization in CsPbBr x Cl 3āˆ’ x (x= 0–3) doped glass

    Yahua Niu, Shengzhi Sun, Chaoyue Yan, Chao Wang and Jianrong Qiu First publishedĀ  16 Feb 2024 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC00072B

    … The quantum efficiency was measured by a solar cell quantum efficiency response system(Enlitech, Taiwan, China). The PL QY spectrum was recorded by a photoluminescence …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence

    High‐Leakage‐Resistance and Low‐Turn‐On‐Voltage Upconversion Devices Based on Perovskite Quantum Dots

    Lung-Chien Chen, Sih-An Chen, Kasimayan Uma, Chih-Hsun Chiang, Jia-Xun Xie, Zong-Liang Tseng, Shun-Wei Liu First published: 08 October 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202309589

    … recombination efficiency, resulting in a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY)and … … The EL characteristics were measured using an LQ-100R spectrometer (Enlitech) with a …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态LQ-100R

    Inhibition of ion diffusion/migration in perovskite p–n homojunction by polyetheramine insert layer to enhance stability of perovskite solar cells with p–n homojunction structure

    Dong Wei, Qingrui Cai, Shidong Cai, Yongjing Wu, Mingliang Wang, Peng Cui, Jun Ji,Ā  Zhirong Zhang, Luyao Yan, Jiahuang Zhang, Jiaqi Luo, Xiaodan Li and Meicheng Li First publishedĀ  05 Mar 2024 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NR04117D

    … Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TAS) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements demonstrate that the PHJ (without and with the insert layer) enhances carrier separation/ …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence

    Post-hot-cast annealing deposition of perovskite films with infused multifunctional organic molecules to enhance the performance of large-area light-emitting devices

    Ching-Ho Tien , Jun-Qing Liu and Lung-Chien Chen First published on 10th June 2024 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA02652G

    … photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photoluminescence … spectrometer LQ-100X-PL (Enlitech, Kaohsiung, Taiwan) with a fixed … Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra were …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态LQ-100X-PL

    A molecular dynamics simulation route towards Eu-doped multi-component transparent spectral conversion glass-ceramics

    Xiuxia Xu , Chenhao Wang , Di Wang , Wenyan Zheng , Zhiyu Liu , Jincheng Du , Xusheng Qiao , Xianping Fan , Zhiyu Wang , Guodong Qian Available online 1 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2024.01.016

    … The organic solar cells were measured with an SS-F5-3A solar simulator (Enlitech, Taiwan) providing AM 1.5 spectrum at 100 mW/cm 2 . The intensity was calibrated by an SRC-2020 …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态SS‐F5‐3A态SRC‐2020

    Back-contact perovskite light-emitting diodes

    Hryhorii P. Parkhomenko ; Askhat N. Jumabekov RESEARCH ARTICLE| FEBRUARY 14 2024 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0189309

    … (EL) spectra of the LEDs were collected using the Photoluminescence and Luminescence Quantum Yield Test System (LQ-100X-PL, Enlitech) under ambient air conditions and at room …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态LQ-100X-PL

    Lignite-derived nanocarbon as surface passivator and cosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cell

    Akshatha A. Rao, Shanyukta Upadhyay, Santhosh Narendhiran, Imran Jafri Razack, Manoj Balachandran Volume 41, April 2024, 101539 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2024.101539

    … In addition, the quenched photoluminescence spectra revealed that nanocarbon also aids in … Efficiency (IPCE) measurements were done using Enlitech QE-R. All the electrochemical …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态PECT-600态QE-R

    Real-time monitoring polymerization degree of organic photovoltaic materials toward no batch-to-batch variations in device performance

    Lin-Yong Xu, Wei Wang, Xinrong Yang, Shanshan Wang, Yiming Shao, Mingxia Chen, Rui Sun & Jie Min Published: 10 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45510-w

    … Herein, we develop an in-situ photoluminescence system in tandem with a set of analysis and processing procedures to track and estimate the polymerization degree of organic …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence

    In‐Situ Polymer Framework Strategy Enabling Printable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells by Mitigating ā€œCoffee Ringā€ Effect

    Linfeng Li, Zengqi Huang, Xiangchuan Meng, Zhi Xing, Baojin Fan, Jiaxuan Li, Yiwang Chen First published: 06 January 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202310752

    … (JV) characteristics were generated by the solar simulator (Enlitech,SS-F5-3A, 100 mW cm-2 … … conducted by a glove box (N2 atmosphere) with the solar simulator (Enlitech, 100 mW cm …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态SS-F5-3A

    Intragrain impurity annihilation for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

    Songhua Cai, Zhipeng Li, Yalan Zhang, Tanghao Liu, Peng Wang, Ming-Gang Ju, Shuping Pang, Shu Ping Lau, Xiao Cheng Zeng & Yuanyuan Zhou Published: 14 March 2024 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46588-y

    … EQE measurement was calculated using certified incident photon to current conversion efficiency equipment from Enlitech (QE-R). Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) …

    Reference to:Photoluminescence态QE-R

    Improved fatigue behaviour of perovskite solar cells with an interfacial starch–polyiodide buffer layer

    Yu Zhang, Qizhen Song, Guilin Liu, Yihua Chen, Zhenyu Guo, Nengxu Li, Xiuxiu Niu, Zhiwen Qiu, Wentao Zhou, Zijian Huang, Cheng Zhu, Huachao Zai, Sai Ma, Yang Bai, Qi Chen, Wenchao Huang, Qing Zhao & Huanping Zhou Published: 21 September 2023 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01287-w

    … power output was measured for the EQE calculations (Enlitech, LQ-100X). EQEs were measured by an Enli Technology EQE measurement system. The operational stability tests were …

    Reference to:LQ-100X

    Suppressing phase disproportionation in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes

    Kang Wang, Zih-Yu Lin, Zihan Zhang, Linrui Jin, Ke Ma, Aidan H. Coffey, Harindi R. Atapattu, Yao Gao, Jee Yung Park, Zitang Wei, Blake P. Finkenauer, Chenhui Zhu, Xiangeng Meng, Sarah N. Chowdhury, Zhaoyang Chen, Tanguy Terlier, Thi-Hoai Do, Yan Yao, Kenneth R. Graham, Alexandra Boltasseva, Tzung-Fang Guo, Libai Huang, Hanwei Gao, Brett M. Savoie & Letian Dou Published: 25 January 2023 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36118-7

    … In our lab, a 100 mm PTFE integrating sphere coupled with a spectrometer (Enli Technology, LQ-100X) were used for the measurements of radiance, electroluminescent spectra, EQE, …

    Reference to:LQ-100X

    Extending Anisotropy Dynamics of Light‐Emitting Dipoles as Necessary Condition Toward Developing Highly‐Efficient OLEDs

    Miaosheng Wang, Dian Luo, Tzu-Hung Yeh, Yi-Hsuan Huang, Chang-Lun Ko, Wen-Yi Hung, Yipeng Tang, Shun-Wei Liu, Ken-Tsung Wong, Bin Hu First published: 15 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202202477

    … LQ-100X system from Enli Technology, which calibrated with a PR 655 spectrophotometer (Photo Research, USA). For PL QY measurement, all thin-films with 80 nm were deposited on …

    Reference to:LQ-100X

    Continuously in-situ manufacture of perovskite quantum dots/POE encapsulation adhesive film for silicon solar cell enhancement application

    Qingchen Wang, Rui Fu, Tiange Sun, Mingrui Liu, Shipei Sun, Haotian Jiang, Zining Li, Yu Zhang, Dongxue Liu, Yu Chen, Haizheng Zhong Volume 259, 15 August 2023, 112450 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112450

    … tunability and high photoluminescence, perovskite quantum … the transparency and photoluminescence of the composited … … -time monitoring of photoluminescence intensity by keeping …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Processing and characterization of large area InP nanowire photovoltaic devices

    David Alcer, Lukas Hrachowina, Dan Hessman and Magnus T Borgstrƶm Published 9 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/accc37

    … Furthermore, an Enlitech photoluminescence mapper with a 10Ɨ objective and a numerical aperture of 0.25 was used for photoluminescence (PL) and light-beam induced current (LBIC. …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Heterostructured nanotetrapod luminophores for reabsorption elimination within luminescent solar concentrators

    Calum K. Gordon, Lara D. Browne, Sanutep Chan, Matthew W. Brett, Chase Zemke-Smith, Jake Hardy, Michael B. Price, and Nathaniel J. L. K. Davis Publication Date:March 28, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c01222

    … 5G conditions were simulated using a SS-R100B ABA Solar Simulator (Enlitech). Signal …

    … The absorbance and photoluminescent properties of these devices is presented in Figure 2e …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态SS-R100B ABA Solar Simulator

    Multi-dynamics and emission tailored fluoroperovskite-based down-conversion phosphors for enhancing the current density and stability of the perovskite solar cells

    Acchutharaman Kunka Ravindran, Joel Kingston Ramesh, Santhosh Narendhiran, Raja Arumugam, Senthil Pandian Muthu and Ramasamy Perumalsamy First publishedĀ  30 Mar 2023 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SE00354J

    … Photoluminescence excitation and emission were studied by employing a spectrofluorometer …

    … The IPCE spectrum with an integrated current density was measured using QE-R (Enlitech, …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态QE-R

    Improving the UV-light stability of silicon heterojunction solar cells through plasmon-enhanced luminescence downshifting of YVO4: Eu3+, Bi3+ nanophosphors decorated with Ag nanoparticles

    Cheng-Kun Wu, Shuai Zou, Chen-Wei Peng, Si-Wei Gu, Meng-Fei Ni, Yu-Lian Zeng, Hua Sun, Xiao-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Dong Su Volume 81, June 2023, Pages 212-220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.01.050

    … The photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra were recorded by means of a spectrofluorometer (FLS 1000, Edinburgh, UK). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra in …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Sunflower‐Inspired Light‐Tracking System and Spatial Encryption Imaging based on Linear Flexible Perovskite Photodetector Arrays

    Rongqing Huang, Ketai Wu, Wanjun Li, Xinyue Huang, Sitong Zhou, Shaowei Jiang, Yong Fu, Zhijuan Zhao, Wenjie Mai, Chuanxi Zhao First published: 30 July 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202301177

    … A source meter (Keithley, 2601A) was used to record the photocurrent while a QE-R external quantum efficiency system (Enlitech, Si detector S10-14010) was used to record the …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态QE-R

    Solvent Engineering of Hole‐Transport Layer for Improved Efficiency and Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells

    Adem Mutlu, Sevdiye Başak Turgut, Alper Ekici, Burak Gültekin, Ceylan Zafer First published: 21 September 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202301101

    … using the Enlitech QE-… photoluminescence) decay measurements were performed with the main PL peak at 780 nm to clarify the effect of these two molecules on the photoluminescence …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态QE-R

    Application of ionic liquids for charge transport improvement in perovskite solar cells

    Damir Aidarkhanov , Nurgul Daniyeva , Annie Ng Volume 71, Part 1, 2022, Pages 90-93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.509

    … The steady-state photoluminescence (PL) characterizations were performed on LQ-100X-PL Photoluminescence and Luminescence Quantum Yield Test System, Enli Technology. The …

    Reference to:LQ-100X-PL

    A phosphorescent OLED with an efficiency roll-off lower than 1% at 10[thin space (1/6-em)]000 cd māˆ’2 achieved by reducing the carrier mobility of the donors in an exciplex co-host system

    Chun-Hao Chiu , Nurul Ridho Al Amin , Jia-Xun Xie , Chih-Chien Lee , Dian Luo , Sajal Biring , Kevin Sutanto , Shun-Wei Liu and Chih-Hsin Chen First published on 9th March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC04473G

    … sphere machine from Enlitech (Enli Tech LQ-100x series) connected to a source/measure unit (Keysight B2901A). All the data were obtained using built-in software from Enlitech …

    Reference to:LQ-100X态LQ-100x series

    Laser‐Induced Recoverable Fluorescence Quenching of Perovskite Films at a Microscopic Grain Scale

    Yuren Xiang, Yameng Cao, Wenqiang Yang, Rui Hu, Sebastian Wood, Bowei Li, Qin Hu, Fan Zhang, Jujie He, Mozhgan Yavari, Jinlai Zhao, Yunlong Zhao, Jun Song, Junle Qu, Rui Zhu, Thomas P. Russell, S. Ravi P. Silva, Wei Zhang First published: 01 July 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12231

    … Consequently, the photoluminescence response of halide perovskites under high excitation … … We performed FRAP measurements with a confocal laser-scanning photoluminescence …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Application of non-contact quantum efficiency measurement for solar cell fabrication process insights

    Keng Siew Chan, Min Xuan Heng, Divya Ananthanarayanan, Kwan Bum Choi, Jian Wei Ho Volume 233, February 2022, Pages 494-503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.054

    … We demonstrate the application of non-contact external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements as potential in-line inspection for solar cell mass production. The technique, based on …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Designing a novel Eu 2+-doped hafnium-silicate phosphor for an energy-down-shift layer of CsPbI 3 solar cells

    Yixin Li , Shichuan Wang and Yuhua Wang First published on 21st January 2022 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1QM01655E

    … Besides, the photoluminescence quantum yield of most EDS layers made by up-conversion phosphors is very low, which affects the PCE of solar cells. Furthermore, though metal nano …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    A Generic Protocol for Highly Reproducible Manufacturing of Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Using In‐Situ Photoluminescence Monitoring

    Zhongming Luo, Baoxing Liu, Xi Luo, Ting Zheng, Sunbin Deng, Rongsheng Chen, BingBing Tian, Ping Xu, Hoi-Sing Kwok, Guijun Li First published: 15 October 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100987

    … The PLQY of the perovskite films was measured using Enlitech LQ-100 equipment with a 450 W xenon lamp as the excitation source. The following settings were applied for PLQY …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态LQ-100

    Wide‐Gap Perovskite via Synergetic Surface Passivation and Its Application toward Efficient Stacked Tandem Photovoltaics

    Tianyi Huang, Rui Wang, Selbi Nuryyeva, Shaun Tan, Jingjing Xue, Yepin Zhao, Quantan Wu, Marc H. Weber, Pei Cheng, Dong Meng, Ilhan Yavuz, K. N. Houk, Yang Yang First published: 06 December 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202103887

    … and B) time-resolved photoluminescence of the perovskite films passivated with various … … For EQE measurements, an integrated EQE system provided by Enlitech (Taiwan) with a lock-in …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Improving power conversion efficiency by Light-Assisted annealing of triple cation perovskite layer in solar cell applications

    Sevdiye Basak Turgut, Burak Gultekin Volume 234, 1 March 2022, Pages 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.01.055

    … EQE) of PSC devices were determined by IPCE (QE-R quantum efficiency system Enlitech). … … spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence analyzes of LA and TA films were …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态IPCE态QE-R

    The effect and mechanism of current injection to suppress light and elevated temperature induced degradation in p-type cast-mono and multicrystalline silicon Passivated Emitter and Rear cells

    Zechen Hu , Lihui Song , Dehang Lin , Tong Zhao , Qiyuan He , Shuai Yuan , Xuegong Yu , Deren Yang Volume 235, 15 March 2022, Pages 12-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.02.032

    … In this work, we demonstrate that the forward current injection together with annealing as pre-treatment can dramatically suppress V oc degradation in both p-type Cast-Mono silicon (CM …

    Reference to:photoluminescence

    Enhanced efficiency and stability of triple‐cation perovskite solar cells with CsPbIxBr3ā€‰āˆ’ā€‰x QDs ā€œsurface patchesā€

    Guang Yang, Hengkai Zhang, Siqi Li, Zhiwei Ren, Guojia Fang, Dangyuan Lei, Gang Li First published: 02 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1087

    … The external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements of the photovoltaic device were carried out using a QE-R 3011 system (Enli Tech). The photoluminescence (PL) mapping images …

    Reference to:photoluminescence态QE-R 3011

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