{"id":29863,"date":"2025-12-17T16:58:10","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T08:58:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/?post_type=sm_blog&#038;p=29863"},"modified":"2025-12-17T17:08:10","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T09:08:10","slug":"advanced-materials-chen-xia-chao-phosphate-buffer-sno2-qfls-26-40-pce-stability","status":"publish","type":"sm_blog","link":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/blog\/advanced-materials-chen-xia-chao-phosphate-buffer-sno2-qfls-26-40-pce-stability\/","title":{"rendered":"Advanced Materials | Yonghua Chen, Yingdong Xia, Lingfeng Chao (NanjingTech): Phosphate-Buffered SnO2 Achieves 26.40% PCE and Over 1000-Hour Stability for Perovskite Solar Cells"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"29863\" class=\"elementor elementor-29863\" data-elementor-post-type=\"sm_blog\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487399ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"487399ed\" 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59df575a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59df575a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72fc554e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72fc554e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Advanced Materials | Yonghua Chen, Yingdong Xia, Lingfeng Chao (NanjingTech): Phosphate-Buffered SnO2 Achieves 26.40% PCE and Over 1000-Hour Stability for Perovskite Solar Cells<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22523de8 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"22523de8\" 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class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>2025-12-17<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-564c88a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"564c88a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"383\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/banner-advanced-materials-chen-xia-chao-phosphate-buffer-sno2-qfls-26-40-pce-stability.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29864\" alt=\"\" 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-size: 28px; color: #008080; line-height: 30px; font-weight: bold;\">Research Background and Challenges<\/h2><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Research Challenges and Bottlenecks<\/h3><p>Tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2<\/sub>) has become a widely applied electron transport layer (ETL) material in solution-processed perovskite solar cells due to its excellent electron mobility, high optical transparency, and favorable energy level alignment with the perovskite layer. However, solution-processed SnO<sub>2<\/sub> nanoparticle (NP) colloids in aqueous solutions suffer from thermodynamic instability, undergoing agglomeration and precipitation due to van der Waals attractive forces. Traditional commercial SnO<sub>2<\/sub> solutions rely on strongly alkaline stabilizers (approximately pH 11-12) to enhance electrostatic repulsion for promoting colloidal dispersion. However, excessive hydroxyl groups accelerate the deprotonation of formamidinium ions (FA<sup>+<\/sup>) in perovskites, thereby degrading the stability of both perovskite films and devices.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Research Team and Methodology<\/h3><p>The research team led by Professors Yonghua Chen, Yingdong Xia, and Lingfeng Chao from the School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and the Institute of Advanced Materials at Nanjing Tech University proposed a phosphate buffer synthesis strategy to stabilize SnO<sub>2<\/sub> colloids. This method utilizes phosphate buffer solutions to maintain a stable pH environment during synthesis, dynamically regulating electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles, thereby suppressing agglomeration and ensuring uniform dispersion. This strategy enables precise control over the hydroxyl content and oxygen vacancy concentration on the SnO<sub>2<\/sub> film surface, ultimately promoting efficient electron transport and reducing interfacial recombination. <b>(Figure 1)<\/b><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29824\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.1.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"769\" height=\"793\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.1.webp 769w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.1-291x300.webp 291w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.1-416x429.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-xxxxx\" src=\"[Figure 1 URL]\" alt=\"Figure 1\" width=\"xxx\" height=\"xxx\" \/><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Core Findings and Achievement Overview<\/h3><p>The study compared SnO<sub>2<\/sub> samples prepared in phosphate buffer solutions at weakly acidic (pH 5, denoted as PBS-5), weakly alkaline (pH 9, denoted as PBS-9), and strongly alkaline (pH 11, denoted as PBS-11) conditions. Among these, devices based on PBS-9 demonstrated superior performance, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40%. <b>(Figure 4b)<\/b><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29839\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4b.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4b.webp 613w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4b-300x249.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4b-416x345.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-xxxxx\" src=\"[Figure 4b URL]\" alt=\"Figure 4b\" width=\"xxx\" height=\"xxx\" \/><\/p><p>Devices employing this strategy also exhibited excellent long-term operational stability: encapsulated devices maintained 99% of their initial PCE after 1053 hours of continuous operation under ISOS-L-1 standards. <b>(Figure 4d)<\/b><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29836\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1482\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d.webp 1482w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d-300x66.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d-1024x225.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d-768x169.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4d-416x92.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\" \/><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-xxxxx\" src=\"[Figure 4d URL]\" alt=\"Figure 4d\" width=\"xxx\" height=\"xxx\" \/><\/p><h2 style=\"font-size: 28px; color: #008080; line-height: 30px; font-weight: bold;\">Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting (QFLS) Characterization and Non-Radiative Recombination Analysis<\/h2><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">QFLS Measurement Method and Data<\/h3><p>QFLS values were extracted from perovskite film spectra through photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) measurements. The reduction in QFLS directly reflects increased non-radiative recombination losses.<\/p><p>Data showed that compared to pristine perovskite films, devices based on PBS-5, PBS-9, and PBS-11 exhibited QFLS reductions of 33.1 meV, 3.5 meV, and 15.6 meV, respectively. <b>(Figure 2c)<\/b> These results indicate that PBS-9 devices showed the smallest QFLS reduction, meaning their non-radiative recombination losses were effectively suppressed. The optimization of QFLS is closely related to the moderate hydroxyl and oxygen vacancy concentrations on the PBS-9 film surface.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29833\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2c.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2c.webp 618w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2c-300x275.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2c-416x382.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20645\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3.webp\" alt=\"Enlitech-QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3\" width=\"1080\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3.webp 1080w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3-300x139.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3-1024x474.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3-768x356.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/QFLS-Maper-Feature-Promotion-en-ver2-3-416x193.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #13558e;\"><a style=\"color: #13558e;\" href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/product\/qfls-maper\/\"><b>Enlitech is launching a new generation QFLS visualization analysis system that can quickly obtain QFLS visual maps, measure Pseudo JV, and rapidly understand photovoltaic materials&#8217; iVoc and optimal IV curve characteristics. Follow us for more information!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Carrier Dynamics and Defect Analysis<\/h3><p>QFLS analysis results were highly consistent with other electrical and optoelectronic characterization measurements:<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-weight: bold;\">Defect Density and Carrier Mobility:<\/span> Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) analysis revealed that PBS-9 films possessed lower trap-filled limit voltage (V<sub>TFL<\/sub> = 0.115 V) and trap state density (N<sub>t<\/sub> = 12.026 \u00d7 10<sup>14<\/sup> cm<sup>-3<\/sup>), along with higher electron mobility (\u03bc<sub>e<\/sub> = 5.22 \u00d7 10<sup>-4<\/sup> cm<sup>2<\/sup>V<sup>-1<\/sup>s<sup>-1<\/sup>). This indicates that PBS-9&#8217;s surface chemical modification effectively reduced carrier scattering and trapping caused by defects. <b>(Figure S12)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29842\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S12.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"733\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S12.webp 733w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S12-300x128.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S12-416x177.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-weight: bold;\">Carrier Recombination and Transport:<\/span> Transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements showed that PBS-9 devices exhibited longer carrier recombination lifetimes (154.3 \u03bcs), superior to PBS-5 (108.4 \u03bcs) and PBS-11 (127.7 \u03bcs). Meanwhile, their transient photocurrent (TPC) decay time was shorter (1.15 \u03bcs), confirming that PBS-9 promoted faster charge extraction. <b>(Figures S17, S18)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29845\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1090\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18.webp 1090w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18-300x124.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18-1024x424.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18-768x318.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S17-18-416x172.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1090px) 100vw, 1090px\" \/><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-weight: bold;\">Defect Activation Energy:<\/span> Temperature-dependent capacitance analysis further confirmed that PBS-9 devices had a defect activation energy (E<sub>a<\/sub>) of only 77.5 meV, lower than PBS-5 (111.4 meV) and PBS-11 (106.5 meV). <b>(Figures 2d, S21)<\/b><\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29848\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2d.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"631\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2d.webp 631w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2d-300x260.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2d-416x360.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29851\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1036\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21.webp 1036w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21-300x173.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21-1024x589.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21-768x442.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S21-416x239.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1036px) 100vw, 1036px\" \/><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Spatial Uniformity Characterization via PL Mapping<\/h3><p>Photoluminescence imaging (PL Mapping) was used to evaluate the spatial uniformity and interfacial contact quality of large-area films. Perovskite films on PBS-9 substrates (5 cm \u00d7 5 cm) exhibited highly uniform PL intensity across 25 regions. <b>(Figures 2e, S23)<\/b> Lower and uniform PL intensity reflects efficient carrier extraction capability at the SnO<sub>2<\/sub>\/perovskite interface, with spatially homogeneous carrier transport. This result corroborates the conclusions regarding non-radiative recombination losses revealed by QFLS measurements.\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29854\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1496\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a.webp 1496w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a-300x81.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a-1024x276.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a-768x207.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2a-416x112.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29857\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1507\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e.webp 1507w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e-300x91.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e-1024x312.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e-768x234.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.2e-416x127.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1507px) 100vw, 1507px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29818\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1032\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23.webp 1032w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23-300x78.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23-1024x266.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23-768x199.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.S23-416x108.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1032px) 100vw, 1032px\" \/><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Current-Voltage (J-V) Curve Measurements<\/h3><p><b>The research team utilized Enlitech&#8217;s SS-F5-3A solar simulator to perform J-V curve measurements under AM 1.5G standard illumination conditions (100 mW cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), calibrated using NREL standard silicon cells.<\/b><\/p><p>Measurement results directly compared device performance using different SnO<sub>2<\/sub> electron transport layers. Among them, the champion device based on PBS-9 achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40%. Its detailed photovoltaic parameters were: open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc<\/sub>) 1.18 V, short-circuit current density (J<sub>sc<\/sub>) 26.29 mA\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>, and fill factor (FF) 84.75%. In comparison, PBS-5 devices achieved a PCE of 22.62%, while PBS-11 devices reached 24.91%.<\/p><p>Additionally, this strategy demonstrated feasibility for large-area fabrication. A 5 cm \u00d7 5 cm module (active area 12.6 cm<sup>2<\/sup>) achieved a PCE of 23.11% through J-V testing. <b>(Figure 4c)<\/b><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29821\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4c.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"695\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4c.webp 695w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4c-300x262.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4c-416x363.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\" \/><\/p><h2 style=\"font-size: 28px; color: #008080; line-height: 30px; font-weight: bold;\">Conclusion and Research Achievements<\/h2><p>The phosphate buffer synthesis strategy successfully achieved stabilization of SnO<sub>2<\/sub> colloids and optimized ETL performance through precise control of surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies on SnO<sub>2<\/sub>. Based on this strategy, PBS-9 devices achieved a PCE of 26.40%, while 12.6 cm<sup>2<\/sup> modules reached a PCE of 23.11%.<\/p><p>QFLS characterization represents one of the core contributions of this study, providing a robust electrical mechanism explanation for device performance enhancement. Through quantitative QFLS data analysis, it was confirmed that PBS-9 devices effectively suppressed non-radiative recombination losses, thereby better preserving V<sub>oc<\/sub> potential. This explains their superior photovoltaic performance and long-term operational stability.<\/p><p>PBS-9 devices in this study maintained 99% of their initial PCE after 1053 hours of continuous operation under ISOS-L-1 standards, demonstrating excellent stability. This research demonstrates the application potential of the phosphate buffer strategy in developing large-area, high-performance, and highly durable perovskite photovoltaic modules. <b>(Figures 4c, 4d)<\/b><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29860\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1164\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e.webp 1164w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e-300x197.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e-1024x673.webp 1024w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e-768x505.webp 768w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fig.4a-e-416x273.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1164px) 100vw, 1164px\" \/><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">Original Publication Information<\/h3><p>Article Title: Stabilizing SnO<sub>2<\/sub> Colloids via Phosphate Buffering for Efficient and Durable Perovskite Photovoltaics<br \/>Journal: Advanced Materials<br \/>Publication Date: December 7, 2025<br \/>DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202518260<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40dbbea2 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-9831 elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"40dbbea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjcxNTciLCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span 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Instruments<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691a8352 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"691a8352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58c7708f elementor-grid-2 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"58c7708f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/ss-led\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SS-LED220-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-24627\" alt=\"Enlitech-SS-LED220-LED Solar simulator-1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SS-LED220-1.webp 640w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SS-LED220-1-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SS-LED220-1-416x312.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/ss-led\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tSS-LED \u5927\u9762\u7a4dLED\u592a\u967d\u5149\u6a21\u64ec\u5668\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-17709 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-scientific-research-measuring-instruments-tc product_cat-loss-and-defect-analysis-tc  instock shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/qfls-maper\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/QFLS-Maper_ver2.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-23532\" alt=\"Enlitech_QFLS-Maper_ver2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/QFLS-Maper_ver2.webp 640w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/QFLS-Maper_ver2-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/QFLS-Maper_ver2-416x312.webp 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/qfls-maper\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tQFLS-Maper \u6e96\u8cbb\u7c73\u80fd\u968e\u6aa2\u6e2c\u5100\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a204d22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a204d22\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abbf3c1 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon-text elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"3abbf3c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"\u5206\u4eab\u5728 facebook\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFacebook\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"\u5206\u4eab\u5728 twitter\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-twitter\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 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0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLinkedIn\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f41010e elementor-post-navigation-borders-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-navigation\" data-id=\"3f41010e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-navigation.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__prev elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/reference-cell-src-2020\/\" rel=\"prev\"><span class=\"post-navigation__arrow-wrapper post-navigation__arrow-prev\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9801<\/span><\/span><span class=\"elementor-post-navigation__link__prev\"><span class=\"post-navigation__prev--label\">Previous<\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__prev--title\">WPVS \u53c3\u8003\u6a19\u6e96\u96fb\u6c60\uff1aSRC-2020<\/span><\/span><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__separator-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__separator\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__next elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/product\/ss-led\/\" rel=\"next\"><span class=\"elementor-post-navigation__link__next\"><span class=\"post-navigation__next--label\">Next<\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__next--title\">SS-LED \u5927\u9762\u7a4dLED\u592a\u967d\u5149\u6a21\u64ec\u5668<\/span><\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__arrow-wrapper post-navigation__arrow-next\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7<\/span><\/span><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Researc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":29864,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"sm_blog_category":[206,329],"sm_blog_tag":[404,351],"class_list":["post-29863","sm_blog","type-sm_blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","sm_blog_category-customer-testimonials","sm_blog_category-sim","sm_blog_tag-qfls-paper-2","sm_blog_tag-ss-x"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog\/29863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/sm_blog"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29863"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog\/29863\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29871,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog\/29863\/revisions\/29871"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"sm_blog_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog_category?post=29863"},{"taxonomy":"sm_blog_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enlitechnology.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sm_blog_tag?post=29863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}